Teamwork in the multidisciplinary setting. Professional issues Essay

Teamwork in the multidisciplinary setting. Professional issues - Essay Example FORM OF EVIDENCE 9 INTRODUCTION 9 9 10 10 11 LEARNING OUTCOME ONE Multidisciplinary teams – critical analysis Psychiatrist Care Coordinator Advanced mental health practitioner 12 Personal reflection on Multidisciplinary teams 13 References 14 14 LEARNING OUTCOME 2 Critical Analysis of the use of Reflection in professional learning 15 References 15 Use of Primary Care Models to enhance care delivery 16 References LOCATION FORM OF EVIDENCE 16 18 LEARNING OUTCOME THREE Ethics 19 References 19 21 LEARNING OUTCOME FOUR Diversity 22 References 22 FINAL REFLECTION ON THE MODULE Course Outcome Number 1: The multi-disciplinary team Reflect on and critically analyse the roles, responsibilities, collaboration and inter-agency working within the multi-disciplinary team. PERSONAL AIM (Course Outcome 1) This first section is concerned with what YOU want to achieve and is based on personal aims that you identify at the start of the module. My personal aim in relation to this outcome was: To comprehend how multidisciplinary teams function and how they establish a coordinated plan of care to meet the patients multiple needs. Please complete one of the following: Where your personal aim was achieved? Please describe how achieving this aim has influenced your practice. Yes it was achieved, and I was able to understand how multidisciplinary teams work with each other and how their different skills when combined eventually achieve favorable patient outcomes. Where your personal aim was not achieved? Please state why you think this aim was not achieved. I believe that my personal aim was not achieved in terms of my assertiveness as part of the team. I did not try a more assertive approach during meetings and was not able to express my role as a member of the team. ACTUAL OUTCOME (Course Outcome 1) This second section concerns what you have achieved, in relation to this learning outcome. It should demonstrate, as comprehensively as possible, how your practice is different as a result of this module. Please list all the evidence that is included under this outcome and where it may be found. How does the evidence support your claim that you have achieved this outcome? What form does the evidence take? Location I established a critical assessment discussing the importance of multidisciplinary teams and to establish a personal reflection of an incident I witnessed while in my placement. References are also indicated in order to support the evidence I used. Critical and reflective accounts and references Page 9-13 Course Outcome Number 2: Nursing Theory Critically analyse the use of reflection in professional learning and the use of Nursing models to enhance care delivery. PERSONAL AIM (Course Outcome 2) This first section is concerned with what YOU want to achieve and is based on personal aims that you identify at the start of the module. My personal aim in relation to this outcome was: To comprehend the importance of reflection and the role of evidence in t he establishment of effective nursing practice. Please complete one of the following: Where your personal aim was achieved? Please describe how achieving this aim has influenced your practice. My personal aim was accomplished because I was able to critically assess the importance of reflection and how it can enhance my practice and learning. The assessment of the self-care model also helped me realize the importance of helping patients become

Libel Essay Example for Free

Libel Essay The civil liberties that the American people have are described as inalienable rights. One of the most important of these rights is the freedom of speech. Yet freedom of speech is not entirely protected; the First Amendment does not protect publishers of libel. Libel is defined as a false and malicious publication printed for the purpose of defaming a living person. The First Amendment provides a great deal of protection to the press in cases involving libel of public figures. This protection is considered necessary to ensure that the government will not restrict the flow of accurate information. The crime of libel has the following elements defamation, publication, the statement must be heard or seen by someone other than victim and source; identification, the statement must somehow identify its intended victim; falsity the statement must, and actual malice. Some of the significant court cases concerning libel are New York Times Co. v Sullivan (1964), Behrendt v. Times Mirror (1938), Pauling v. Globe Democrat (1967), Kervorkian v. American Medical Association (1999), Washington Post v. Kennedy (1924), and Hutchinson v. Proxmire (1979). Defamation is defined as â€Å"the act of injuring someone’s character or reputation by false statements. † [1] Cases of defamation are only considered attacks on if they are made in a vindictive or malicious manner. One of the most important Supreme Court decisions concerning libel of public officials took place in 1964. This case was New York Times Co. v. Sullivan. This case was about the alleged libel of L.B. Sullivan in the New York Times magazine. The magazine published an editorial advertisement entitled, â€Å"Heed Their Rising Voices† by the Committee to Defend Martin Luther King. [2] The full-page advertisement detailed abuses suffered by African American students by the police in Montgomery, Alabama. Even though he was not directly mentioned in the article, L. B. Sullivan, the city commissioner in charge of the police department sued the magazine and four African American individuals listed as officers of the committee. Sullivan demanded retraction from the paper; after not receiving a retraction he sued. At trial, Sullivan argued that advertisements are not protected by the First Amendment and after a brief deliberation, the jury decided in favor of Sullivan awarding him damages of 500,000. [3] The award was upheld by the Alabama Supreme Court. However, the Supreme Court of the United States reversed the decision of the lower courts. The Court declared that, although commercial advertisements may not be protected under the First Amendment, editorial advertisements were. Additionally, the Court ruled that the First and 14th Amendments require a public official suing for defamation to prove that the allegedly defamatory comments were made with â€Å"actual malice that is, with knowledge that if was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was false or not. †[4] With these words the Court added a new criterion to test whether a criticism was punishable. Not only did the words have to be false and cause damage to the person’s reputation, they also had to be made with the knowledge that they were false. The Sullivan decision was hailed as a victory for a free press. Ralph A. Behrend and R. Allen Behrendt both worked at same hospital; LA Times charged Dr. Behrendt with the theft of narcotics and accused him of being an addict until his health had become destroyed. [5] When actually it was Dr. Behrend, a resident doctor who committed the crime. Dr. Behrendt sued and won because the publication involved an attempted reference to an individual so vague that it could refer to more than one person[6] In early 1975, Senator William Proxmire implemented what he called the Golden Fleece Award of the Month. The award was given out to governmental agencies which sponsored programs and research that Proxmire found to be a waste of tax dollars. One Golden Fleece went to federal agencies sponsoring the research of Ronald Hutchinson, a behavioral scientist. Proxmire detailed the nonsense of Hutchinsons research on the floor of the Senate, in conferences with his staff, and in a newsletter sent to over 100,000 of his constituents. Hutchinson sued for libel, arguing that Proxmires statements defamed his character and caused him to endure financial loss and emotional anguish. This case explored the scope of protection afforded members of Congress by the Constitutions Speech and Debate Clause of the Constitution. The Court upheld the decision of the lower courts and held that Proxmires statements in his newsletters and press releases were not protected by the Speech and Debate Clause. However, in upholding this ruling, the Court also found that Proxmires statements were not made with actual malice and thus, were not libelous. Furthermore, the Court decided that Hutchinson was not a public figure since he only gained media attention because of Proxmires actions and did not personally seek it. Because of this, the standard established by New York Times v. Sullivan was not applicable. There are several important points established by this case, first, â€Å"absolute privilege has limits even when public officials utter defamatory statements as part of their perceived official duties, and individuals do not become public officials simply by virtue, nor can they be made public figures by the creation of controversy by someone else.

An Analysis of Walt Whitmans Song of Myself Essay -- Song of Myself Es

An Analysis of Walt Whitman's Song of Myself `Whitman was always asking questions. He believed that life's goal or cause was a mystery. He was surrounded by people who were drawing distinct lines between right and wrong, rejecting the things in the universe that were not a direct ticket to holiness. Whitman, unlike his contemporaries, embraced the beauty of everything. His mystical perception of the world ushered in the idea that God was to be found in every thing, and that He could never be fully understood. I think that section six of "Song of Myself" captures Whitman's quest for knowing, and his idea that our perceptions of what is, only scratch the surface. How appropriate that he starts this section with a question posed by a child, "What is the grass?" Whitman wants to answer, but realizes that he can't. Nature provides so many opportunities for interpretation. It is, on one hand, the abstract "flag of [his] disposition", but in the next stanza, the more tangible "handkerchief of the Lord." Notice that he "guesses" each time what the grass might be. Whitman would never be so strict as to impose his ideas or beliefs on anyone, or to assume that he was any more right than the next person. In line 110, he says, "O I perceive after all so many uttering tongues!" I love his tolerance, his ability to admit that everything is what we "perceive" it to be, in a world where everyone was bound by rules and laws. Who and where is God in this poem? His first direct reference to God is in the fourth stanza when he suggests that the grass may be a handkerchief of the Lord. He says that it is "A scented gift and remembrancer designedly dropped, / Bearing the owner's name someway in the corners, that... ...of the first self-professed homosexuals in America). The grass then becomes this nurturing thing, as it could be growing from the grave of a baby. He mentions that the grass is too dark to be from the heads or beards of the elderly, which says to me that they are living somewhere as a youth. He later says of the old men and women, "They are alive and well somewhere; / the smallest sprout shows there really is no death...And to die is different from what anyone supposed, and luckier." Whitman then sees the "uttering tongues...[who]...do not come from the roofs of mouths for nothing." This grass, again, is purposed. It is trying to tell us something. It is telling us something. Whitman has painted, for me, a picture of opportunity. Life is whatever you make of it. It is there, purposed, forever new, forever fresh, and it is up to us to learn from it. An Analysis of Walt Whitman's Song of Myself Essay -- Song of Myself Es An Analysis of Walt Whitman's Song of Myself `Whitman was always asking questions. He believed that life's goal or cause was a mystery. He was surrounded by people who were drawing distinct lines between right and wrong, rejecting the things in the universe that were not a direct ticket to holiness. Whitman, unlike his contemporaries, embraced the beauty of everything. His mystical perception of the world ushered in the idea that God was to be found in every thing, and that He could never be fully understood. I think that section six of "Song of Myself" captures Whitman's quest for knowing, and his idea that our perceptions of what is, only scratch the surface. How appropriate that he starts this section with a question posed by a child, "What is the grass?" Whitman wants to answer, but realizes that he can't. Nature provides so many opportunities for interpretation. It is, on one hand, the abstract "flag of [his] disposition", but in the next stanza, the more tangible "handkerchief of the Lord." Notice that he "guesses" each time what the grass might be. Whitman would never be so strict as to impose his ideas or beliefs on anyone, or to assume that he was any more right than the next person. In line 110, he says, "O I perceive after all so many uttering tongues!" I love his tolerance, his ability to admit that everything is what we "perceive" it to be, in a world where everyone was bound by rules and laws. Who and where is God in this poem? His first direct reference to God is in the fourth stanza when he suggests that the grass may be a handkerchief of the Lord. He says that it is "A scented gift and remembrancer designedly dropped, / Bearing the owner's name someway in the corners, that... ...of the first self-professed homosexuals in America). The grass then becomes this nurturing thing, as it could be growing from the grave of a baby. He mentions that the grass is too dark to be from the heads or beards of the elderly, which says to me that they are living somewhere as a youth. He later says of the old men and women, "They are alive and well somewhere; / the smallest sprout shows there really is no death...And to die is different from what anyone supposed, and luckier." Whitman then sees the "uttering tongues...[who]...do not come from the roofs of mouths for nothing." This grass, again, is purposed. It is trying to tell us something. It is telling us something. Whitman has painted, for me, a picture of opportunity. Life is whatever you make of it. It is there, purposed, forever new, forever fresh, and it is up to us to learn from it.

Learning Team Assignment Hardware and Software Essay

This pack of NTC 362 Week 4 Learning Team Assignment Hardware and Software Paper comprises: Time Division Multiple Access, Frequency Division, Multiple Access, and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Computer Science – General Computer Science Write a 3- to 5-page paper comparing the advantages of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, as used in wireless mobile communications. Define the technical details of each access method, then compare their strengths and weaknesses in system use. Address the following: Explain radio frequency (RF) transmission characteristics. Identify common frequency bands used in current RF communications. Analyze the necessity for different protocols in wireless communications. Compare the challenges of using satellites in end-to-end communications links. There are a lot of things you can do to prepare for college, but it will still hold many surprises for you! This article will offer you some sound advice on how to get through classes, campus life and all the other obstacles that you will encounter in your efforts to reach graduation. This pack of NTC 362 Week 4 Learning Team Assignment Hardware and Software Paper comprises: Time Division Multiple Access, Frequency Division, Multiple Access, and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Computer Science – General Computer Science Write a 3- to 5-page paper comparing the advantages of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Code  Division Multiple Access (CDMA), and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, as used in wireless mobile communications. Define the technical details of each access method, then compare their strengths and weaknesses in system use. †¦ For downloading more tutorials visit – https://bitly.com/12BtkCD There are a lot of things you can do to prepare for college, but it will still hold many surprises for you! This article will offer you some sound advice on how to get through classes, campus life and all the other obstacles that you will encounter in your efforts to reach graduation. Computer Science – General Computer Science Write a 3- to 5-page paper comparing the advantages of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, as used in wireless mobile communications. Define the technical details of each access method, then compare their strengths and weaknesses in system use. Address the following: Explain radio frequency (RF) transmission characteristics. Identify common frequency bands used in current RF communications.

Assessment Tool Analysis Essay

The purpose of this paper is to examine the tools that evaluate on-physical measures while applying Watson’s Theory of Human caring that integrates the mind-body-spirit dimensions to the three assessment tools chosen. In this paper, I will describe each tool and the population for which it might be useful, assessment tool data such as cost, length and each in using the tool. I will also discuss the population at which it is best designed, and the validity of information gained. In addition, how this tool could enhance the assessment phase of the nursing process and how it impact quality of health care delivered by the nurse will be discussed. These assessment tools will be applied to adolescent and teenage pregnancy chosen in Week Two in the Vulnerable Population and Self- Awareness assignment. Definition of Assessment Tools Assessment is the deliberate and systematic collection of data to determine the client’s current and past health status and functional status and to determine the client’s present and past coping patterns. Nursing assessment include two steps. The first step involves collection and verification of data from a primary source (the client) and secondary sources (e.g., family, health professionals, and medical record) (Potter & Perry, 2005). Assessment tools are the materials needed to establish data collection. Data collected may be subjective (client’s perception) or objective (data measured by collector). Example of objective data includes client’s body language, facial expression, vital signs e.t.c. The three assessment tools chosen for this paper are: Beck Depression Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale and Well-Being Picture Scale. Beck Depression Inventory There are many assessment and diagnostic tools that either measure  intelligence, aptitudes, achievements, and behaviors so it was no surprise when Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was created in 1961 by Aaron T. Beck, a pioneer in cognitive therapy, with the sole purpose of determining the severity and intensity level of the symptoms of depression. Depression Inventory is defined as a validated measure that has been instrumental in leading to numerous diagnoses due to its most recent revisions that more closely resemble the diagnostic criteria for depression (Farinde, 2013). The Beck Depression Inventory is a widely utilized 21-item self-report scale in both clinical and research studies. The most recent version; The Beck Depression Inventory-11 which is a completely self-administered format, is a depression rating that can be used in individuals that are ages 13 years and older, and rates symptoms of depression in terms of severity on a scale from 0 to 3 based on the 21 specific i tems. Patients that endorse multiple items on the questionnaire (i.e. sadness, pessimism, past failures, loss of pleasure, guilty feelings, punishment fears, self-dislike, and so forth) typically have higher scores with a maximum score of 63 compared to others. For the general population, score of 21 or greater is associated with depression but for individuals who have been clinically diagnosed, scores from 0-9 represent minimal depressive symptoms, scores of 17 to 29 indicate moderate depression, and scores of 30 to 63 indicate severe depression (Farinde, 2013). Perceived Stress Scale Stress has long been a major research concept in health science since it is linked to various health outcomes and illnesses, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis (Lee, 2012). The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is one of the more popular tools for measuring psychological stress. It is a self-reported questionnaire that was designed to measure â€Å"the degree to which individuals appraise situations in their lives are stressful.† The Perceived Stress Scale items evaluate the degree to which individuals believe their life has been unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded during the previous month. The assessment items are general in nature rather than focusing on specific events or experiences (Lee, 2012). According to Lee (2012), the original instrument is a 14-item scale (PSS-14) that was developed in English, with 7  positive items and 7 negative items rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Five years after the introduction of PSS-14, it was shortened to 10 items (PSS-10). A four-item PSS (PSS-4) was also introduced as a brief version for situations requiring a very short scale of telephone interviews and the PSS is currently translated into 25 languages other than English. The criterion validity of the PSS was evaluated only in a few studies; the criteria used were all questionnaires that showed a weak to moderate association, demonstrating unsatisfactory criterion validity (Lee, 2012). Well-Being Picture Scale The theoretical framework that has guided the investigation of well-being from a Rogerian perspective is based upon the observation and measurement of health-related variables that are unique to the Science of Unitary Human Beings. Rogerian-science derived principles and the concepts of well-being. The term well-being, as a measure of health, is compatible with the concepts and variables that are unique to the development of knowledge (Reis and Alligood, 2008). The Well-Being Picture Scale is a 10-item non-language based pictorial scale that measures general well-being within the unique human environment field process. Each item on the scale has a numeric value of I to 7, with 70 being the maximum score possible and 10 being the lowest score possible. Higher scores indicate higher well-being. Conceptually, the instrument appraises the energy field in regard to frequency and intensity of movement, awareness of oneself as energy, action emanating from the energy field, and power as kno wing participation in change within the mutual human and environmental energy field process. The WPS was reported by all participants to be easily understood (Reis and Alligood, 2008). This scale can be used by all individuals regardless of their ethnic groups. How these tools enhance the assessment phase and quality of health care Using the Beck Depression Inventory in the assessment phase of the nursing process will facilitate and aid the treatment of depression in all ages. This assessment tool will aid the early diagnosis of depression and reduce further complications of depression. Depression is common in Adolescents who are undergoing stress as a result of pregnancy, low self-esteem and diseases. The nurse can affect the quality of health care delivered to patients by reassuring them and referring them to  appropriate health care providers. Using Perceived Stress Scale in the assessment phase of the nursing process, the nurse is better able to identify patients at higher risk for stress, help these patients to identify and implement coping skills during difficult times. This process improves the quality of patient care and outcome. Pregnant adolescent undergoes a significant amount of stress and challenges as a vulnerable population. Using the Well Being Picture Scale in the assessment phase of the nursing process, the nurse is better able to detect a patient’s well-being and health. The nurse is able to detect if the patient is healthy or not. This is more of a primary prevention for patients of all ages. This assessment tool is mostly recommended for pregnant women. Health care providers are able to follow up with patients to monitor their wellness or impact of diagnosis on their general health. Application of tools to Adolescent pregnancy Adolescent girls face pressures that are unique to their population and make them especially vulnerable. Girls carry disproportionate domestic world burden and are denied leadership opportunities and active community affairs (Bailey, 2012). These factors made the life of adolescent girls stressful and complicated which could cause depression. Beck Depression Inventory, Perceived Stress Scale and Well-Being Scale are tools that can be used during the assessment phase of the nursing process in adolescents. Adolescent girls who become pregnant may develop depression while trying to balance school, child, work and relationships, thereby, making all three tools helpful to the nurse during initialInventory, Perceived Stress Scale and Well-Being Scale as assessment tools help facilitate better nurse-patient relationship and better care for our patients References Alligood, M. R., (2010). Nursing Theory: Utilization and Application. (4th ed.). Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook database Collection. Bailey, L. D., (2012). Adolescent Girls: A Vulnerable Population. Journal of Advances in Neonatal Care, 12(2), 102-106. Retrieved from http://search.serialssolutions.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/?ctx_ver†¦.. Farinde, A., (2013). The Beck Depression Inventory. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 2(1), 56-58. ISSN: 2277-7695. Retrieved from http://www.thepharmajournal.com Lee, E. H., (2012). Review of the Psychometric Evidence of the Perceived Stress Scale. Journal of Asian Nursing Research, 6(4), 121-127. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/docview/1507280852?pq-origsite=simmon Potter, P. A. & Perry, A. G. (2005). Fundamentals of Nursing. (6th ed.). MO: Elservier Mosby Reis, P.J., and Alligood , M. R. (2008). Well-Being in Pregnancy: a plot study using the Well-being Picture Scale. Journal of Rogerian Nursing Science, 15(1), 8-17. Retrieved from http://av4kc7fg4g.search.serialssolutions.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/?ctx_ver†¦.

The nature of technological determinism Essays

The nature of technological determinism Essays The nature of technological determinism Paper The nature of technological determinism Paper Determinism means that things are destined to occur or linked by a divine plan. Philosophically the theory of Determinism states that present conditions are so by neccessity (1972, Popkin, Stroll Kelly). Technological determinism at its extreme believes technology drastically and directly transforms our society and way of living. That technology itself causes social change. Many sociologists disagree with these ideas as they denote the importance of the user, the person, the active and living society. How can technology itself be considered more influencial than those who have developed it? Socio-cultural determinists present technologies and media as entirely subordinate to thier developmental use (webref 1) Similarily Voluntarists promote the idea we choose to use these electronic media, they are simply our tools. Chandler discusses this idea of making the tools neutral within determinism. He argues all these tools and media lend themselves to the experience they were created for. For example a word processor is designed to aid writing, this fact itself suggests the user selects this tool to write because they relate to its function. In other words thier ideas about writing may be closley linked to the tool they use, although the tool itself is empty until something is written. He argues all media give shape to experience, and they do so in part through their selectivity. (web ref 3) Dertouzos (1998) reminds us although the information superhighway is global it does not mean there is not an element of cultural imperialism in this space. English and the ways we learn and select information is embedded into the current climate of the internet. Consider that even the way we understand images varies from culture to culture. As English dominates cyberspace could this be regarded as an aspect of technological determinism? Surely it must be as this reflects our society in the real world. Also consider the fact that it has been western countries who have embraced and nutured this technology. Our western societies still seem to cling to the old ideas of Modernism in many ways. Progress it would seem is now more than ever related to computer technologies. Progress itself is seen to lie within these multimedia domains. Of course technology can change our ways of living. Most of these fantastical technological developments however should be regarded as being achieved by the aide of the computer. Computer-aided design, computer-aided engineering, computer-aided manufacturing. All these developments still require the human element. The computer does not have a mind of its own, unlike in the pessimistic technological world of Bladerunner, it cannot choose its application, it is the human who selects how, if at all, the devices will be applied. I wonder if the only way of determining the true impact technology has on global society is to take it away. Say we do dispose of these technologies, what percentage of the global population will directly and immediately be affected in thier daily lives? Do the technological haves really greatly outnumber the have-nots ? Determinism relies on the premise events occurr out of neccessity but what about thoses peoples whose cultures and lives do not value technology as a neccessity? Is technology really a need or simply a choice? I believe the later.

Could Care Less versus Couldnt Care Less

Could Care Less versus Couldnt Care Less Could Care Less versus Couldnt Care Less Could Care Less versus Couldnt Care Less By Maeve Maddox My article about the loss of Thou received some comments on the use of could care less instead of couldnt care less. My choice to write Shakespeare could care less was a deliberate one. I felt that could care less was more euphonious than couldnt care less and sounded a bit cheekier. I thought that by now either form of the idiom was acceptable. How wrong can a writer be?! So wrong that a Google search of the phrase could care less garners 1,930,000 hits. Some of the discussions are quite impassioned. Although the newer form of the expression meaning not to care at all has been widely-used for some time, many people still regard it as an uneducated error. Paul Brians, English professor at Washington State University, points out in an interview with Avi Arditti the difficulty of dealing with idioms that are in the process of changing: the problem is that as [a new idiom] evolves, you get caught as a user between people who are going with the new pattern and those who know the old pattern and are comfortable with it. Cautions Brians, some people will disapprove or think less of you if you say it [the new] way. He concludes that speakers and writers may choose to use the newer pattern, but that they do so at a certain risk because people who are bothered by the new pattern may be in a position to hire them, or grade their papers, or reject them as social equals. The Oxford dictionary already recognizes could care less as an American colloquialism. Many people, however, regard it as incorrect since it makes no logical sense (if you could care less it means that you care at least a bit). What do you think about it? Have your say in our Poll! (RSS readers will need to visit the site to take the poll). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Avoid Beginning a Sentence with â€Å"With†15 Types of Documents40 Irregular Verbs That Can End in â€Å"-t†

Guil Naquitz (Mexico) - Key Evidence of Maize Domestication History

Guil Naquitz (Mexico) - Key Evidence of Maize Domestication History Guil Naquitz is one of the most important archaeological sites in the Americas, recognized for its breakthrough discoveries in understanding plant domestication. The site was excavated in the 1970s by KV Flannery, using then-new methods of environmental and ecological sampling, and the results of those sampling techniques and other excavations that followed rewrote what archaeologists had previously understood of the timing of plant domestication. Guil Naquitz is a small cave  occupied at least six times between 8000 and 6500 BC, by hunters and gatherers, probably during the fall (October to December) of the year. The cave is in the Tehuacn valley of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico, about 5 kilometers (3 miles) northwest of the town of Mitla. The mouth of the cave opens near the base of a large ignimbrite cliff rising ~300 meters (~1000 feet) above the valley floor. Chronology and Stratigraphy Five natural strata (A-E) were identified in the cave deposits, which extended to a maximum depth of 140 centimeters (55 inches). Unfortunately, only the top strata (A) can be conclusively dated, based on radiocarbon dates from its living floors and pottery which matches Monte Alban IIIB-IV, ca. 700 AD. The dates of the other strata within the cave are to an extent contradictory: but AMS radiocarbon dates on the plant parts discovered within layers B, C, and D have returned dates to nearly 10,000 years ago, well within the Archaic period and, for the time it was discovered, mind-blowingly early. Considerable and heated debate occurred in the 1970s, particularly about the radiocarbon dates from Guila Naquitzs teosinte (precursor to maize) cob fragments, concerns which largely dissipated after similarly old dates for maize were recovered from the San Marcos and Coxcatlan caves in Oaxaca and Puebla, and the Xihuatoxtla site in Guerrero. Macro and Micro Plant Evidence A wide range of plant food was recovered within the cave deposits of Guil Naquitz, including acorns, pinyon, cactus fruits, hackberries, mesquite pods, and most importantly, the wild forms of bottle gourd, squash and beans. Other plants attested at Guila Naquitz chili peppers, amaranth, chenopodium, and agave. This evidence includes plant partspeduncles, seeds, fruits, and rind fragments, but also pollen and phytoliths. Three cobs with plant elements of both  teosinte (the wild progenitor of  maize)  and maize, were found within the deposits and direct-dated by AMS radiocarbon dating to about 5400 years old; they show some signs of domestication. Squash rinds were also radiocarbon dated: they returned dates of approximately 10,000 years ago. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the American Archaic, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Benz BF. 2001. Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guil Naquitz, Oaxaca. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98(4):2105-2106. Crawford GW. 2015. Food Production, Origins of. In: Wright JD, editor. International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition). Oxford: Elsevier. p 300-306. Flannery KV. 1986. Guila Naquitz: Archaic Foraging and Early Agriculture in Oaxaca, Mexico. New York: Academic Press. Marcus J, and Flannery KV. 2004. The coevolution of ritual and society: New 14C dates from ancient Mexico. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101(52):18257–18261. Piperno DR. 2003. A few kernels short of a cob: on the Staller and Thompson late entry scenario for the introduction of maize into northern South America. Journal of Archaeological Science 30(7):831-836. Schoenwetter J. 1974. Pollen Records of Guila Naquitz Cave. American Antiquity 39(2):292-303. Smith BD. 1997. The Initial Domestication of Cucurbita pepo in the Americas 10,000 Years Ago. Science 276(5314):932-934. Warinner C, Garcia NR, and Tuross N. 2013. Maize, beans and the floral isotopic diversity of highland Oaxaca, Mexico. Journal of Archaeological Science 40(2):868-873.

A Problem Exists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Problem Exists - Essay Example A Problem Exists English, as an international language, is measured to be one of the most commonly spoken languages around the globe. Historically, the language is regarded as a West Germanic language mostly articulated in initial primitive England (Mydans, 2007). Over the recent years, the language has been adapted by many nations as their first language, especially those located in the western hemisphere of the globe. The scenario seems to be completely opposite in some regions however; especially in the Asian region. It is in this context that with the advent of globalization and greater need of exposure in the world society, common people are motivated to migrate from their home countries and locate in western countries. This in turn has resulted in the growing acceptance of the language and correspondingly to the augmenting necessity to gain proficiency in speaking English. However, the increase in the migration rate from Asian countries and the issue of discrimination from the English communities in the present days often deceive the foreign learners intending to learn the language to perceive a false imprint of discrimination’ (Jimenez, 2011). THESIS STATEMENT After identifying the three prime problems associated with the issue of perceived discrimination, i.e. ... Discussion The increasing trend of adopting English as the first language by both the society and business are not only inspiring people to pursue their education in English language but are also motivating them to learn the language as it would help them to get a better job in the near future in the global realm. The importance of learning English has been viewed as increasing in countries that are developing at a rapid pace and therefore striving to strengthen their positioning within the global plethora. Countries like China, India and other Asian nations located in the South Asian region are replacing their national language with English as the medium of providing education and developing communication skills of the workforce to be able to compete globally. Correspondingly, it has been viewed that people who migrate to other countries often feel a sense of perceived discrimination’, at times tend to affect their academic and social life to a substantial extent (Jeffrey, n. d.). Correspondingly, problems in terms of social and cultural disparity, complexities in communicating and inequality between communities are identified. 1. Solution to Social and Cultural Problem It has often been viewed that people who migrate to western counties from the Asian region are basically individuals who consider English as a Second Language (ESL) and are often clarified as the basic foreign learners of the language. These students often find it difficult to ask questions to their teachers or work in coordination with their fellow-classmates when they get admitted in colleges or university outside their nation owing to their perceived social and cultural differences. Emphasizing this concern, if large non-government

Biomedical Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Biomedical Engineering - Essay Example Before the body part is replaced, compatibility of the biomaterial and the living tissue is of great consideration (Ratner 2004). Biocompatibility is the acceptance of the synthetic biomaterial by the immediate and surrounding tissues and by the body generally (Paul & Kelvin 2009). Appropriate host response is shown by lack of blood clotting, normal heating and resistance to bacterial colonization. It is essential therefore to study the biomaterial composition and also the way in which they react with the environment in which they are put which is the surrounding tissue (Pruitt 2011). Hence, biomaterial selection involves the logical sequence of analysis of the problem, consideration of the requirement and consideration of the biomaterial properties. Biomaterials that match the properties of the bone and teeth These biomaterials have their physical characteristics that are needed to match the properties of the teeth or bone being replaced with (Ratner 2004). The mechanical properties of these biomaterials involve tensile testing that provides data on the characterization of the biomaterial. ... Good heat conductors hence have high conductivity. Coefficient of thermal expansion or thermal expansion coefficient It is by definition the fractional increase in length of a body for each degree (in centigrade) rise in temperature. ?=?L/Lo oC-1 ?T Where ?L is the change in length Lo is the original length of the biomaterial ?T is the change in temperature The values of ? are very small like for amalgam biomaterial, the value of ?=0.0000025 oC-1P.P.M Table showing the thermal conductivity coefficient of different biomaterials in parts per million (P.P.M) The original length of the tooth and the length attained when there is temperature change are calculated in order to determine the length of the biomaterial to be used in teeth filling. Expensile structures ensure that the biomaterial conforms to the irregular bony defects (Paul & Kelvin 2009). This also helps prevent the undesired movement of the fibroblast into the graft site and these yields in optimizing the quality of the repla ced bones. Coefficient of thermal expansion is widely considered in filling materials such as for the teeth with cavities. The above table shows different thermal conductivity values of different conductors used as biomaterials. Thermal diffusivity (D) Thermal diffusivity is defined by the equation; D=K Cp? Where, K is the thermal conductivity Cp is the heat capacity ? is the density A low value of thermal diffusivity is preferred however there are occasions when the high diffusivity level are preferred to the low ones like if the base material to be used is denture. It is necessary since it retains a good response to both cold and hot stimuli in the mouth (Ratner 2004). Physical properties Physical structures and stability of the

The influence of Jesus in Contemporary education system Essay

The influence of Jesus in Contemporary education system - Essay Example Impress these commands upon your children. Talk about them when you sit at home and when you walk along the road, when you lie down and when you get up." (1). The life and principles of Jesus and the theories of his followers has a great impact in every field of the society particularly in education system. The schooling and education system moulds a child in his/her earliest stage to live in the present stage as a good human being .For this the education system has to adopt various principles which may help to guide the students in order to live with dignity in this world. The importance of principles of Jesus Christ and its adoption in the education system lies here. In this context let’s explore the influence of the Jesus in the contemporary education system.... In this environment our children are being trained according to God's purpose on earth with concentric vision of how to accomplish this purpose. They, as vital parts of the community, are being prepared to attain to the highest goal possible in this life - to enter the kingdom of heaven."The life and principles of Jesus always enrooted in "morality". Now let's discuss the aspect of this principle in the modern education system. Moral education (character education) The issue of moral education raises many questions for contemporary teachers. They always face a number of question regarding the moral education of students, for e.g., the question regarding 1. Whose morality should be the standard 2. What values should be stressed, 3. How would education of this sort be approached and 4. Should moral education be a matter of content or an exercise in moral reflectionTime-honored pedagogical methods often contain valuable insights for contemporary education. Jesuit schools, which are emerged between the 16th and 19th3 centuries, in Europe in their tradition of theatre, have adopted such method. Theatre in Jesuit schools created an aesthetic environment in which students could both ponder their relationship to the world, and evaluate the consequences of human action Jesuit schoolsThe Society of Jesus, commonly known as

Firms Making Competitive Moves Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Firms Making Competitive Moves - Assignment Example This study stresses that among the advantages of being a first mover, is especially when making the exceptional initial moves in a particular market that allow a specific firm to come up with a dominant position that other businesses strain to overcome. A sufficient example of this is the Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) that established a very strong bond with the officials of China in leading the Western Fast Foods, as they were the initial western restaurant that entered China first. Currently, they are still the leading firm in the rapidly growing market. Among the disadvantages, a first mover cannot be so certain about the likelihood of the customers in embracing the offerings that make the initial moves inherently risky.This paper declares that  a time a rival or even a competitor introduces a disruptive innovation that in most cases conflict the existing competitive practices for instance the emergence of online trading where the executives make informed choices from three main responses. First, they might think that the innovation could effectively replace the established offerings therefore choice on focus particularly on the traditional methods of business. Second, a firm could choose to overcome the challenge by attacking different dimension and perspective. Finally, simply a firm may decide to match the competitors’ direction of the move.  A Blue Ocean Strategy entails the creation of a new and untapped market instead of competition with rivals in an existing market.

Operational skills Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Operational skills - Case Study Example Compliance with patient management protocols is incorrect when it compromises patient safety. To enhance the operating room effectiveness, the caregivers compliance to patient management protocols must not compromise patient safety. Instrumentation sterilization in Stanfords Hospital may compromise patient safety, and, therefore, any compliance to such a patient management protocol would be incorrect. Protocols provide clinical guide towards clinical care and encourages professional guidance to patients hence leading to improved compliance (Ray and Griffith, 2010). The guidelines and regulations provided in the protocols ensure that the caregivers are consistent in the management of clinic patients, a clear sign of compliance with the protocols. Functional protocols are different to the extent that they are aimed at ensuring quality ans safety through standardizing care process. Through the standardized care process, functional protocols are aimed at ensuring the use of safe, reliable as well as patient-centered care instruments and elements (Ray and Griffith, 2010). The application of functional protocols in Stanfords Hospital would see the implementation of a standardized care process that would prevent instrument

Firms Making Competitive Moves Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Firms Making Competitive Moves - Assignment Example This study stresses that among the advantages of being a first mover, is especially when making the exceptional initial moves in a particular market that allow a specific firm to come up with a dominant position that other businesses strain to overcome. A sufficient example of this is the Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) that established a very strong bond with the officials of China in leading the Western Fast Foods, as they were the initial western restaurant that entered China first. Currently, they are still the leading firm in the rapidly growing market. Among the disadvantages, a first mover cannot be so certain about the likelihood of the customers in embracing the offerings that make the initial moves inherently risky.This paper declares that  a time a rival or even a competitor introduces a disruptive innovation that in most cases conflict the existing competitive practices for instance the emergence of online trading where the executives make informed choices from three main responses. First, they might think that the innovation could effectively replace the established offerings therefore choice on focus particularly on the traditional methods of business. Second, a firm could choose to overcome the challenge by attacking different dimension and perspective. Finally, simply a firm may decide to match the competitors’ direction of the move.  A Blue Ocean Strategy entails the creation of a new and untapped market instead of competition with rivals in an existing market.

Human Figures in Landscapes Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human Figures in Landscapes - Article Example These three paintings are placed on the timeline between the 1950s to almost the present time. The immediate years post-war witnessed a heightened level of cultural nationalism during which aboriginal cultures gained considerable weight (Foss, Paikowsky& Whitelaw, 2010, 357).The selected paintings also show a chronological growth from the 1950s to the present time in painting a theme like this. The paintings extend from 1956 to 2007 and that is a time in which a lot of things changed and many new techniques and schools emerged. But in my paper, I do not want to link these paintings to any such type of restrictions along the lines of schools of arts or any specific technique. I am going to compare them with each other only on the basis of the theme that I selected for the paper and that is Human figures in landscapes. So I will just compare them according to how well the theme is presented in all three of them.The first painting that I chose is isSun Dance Scene, Blood Reserve by Gera ld Tailfeathers. Tailfeathers was a Native Canadian artist and so he was close to heart with the Native aboriginal culture and their traditions. Being one of the very few Native Canadians who painted, he fulfilled his duty to the great colorful lost culture by painting their traditions. It is painted on paper using watercolors and watercolor is a wise medium for this painting because it gives the painting a tinge of easy simplicity and vividness. The painting shows a scene from the Native culture of Blood Reserve.

Street Gangs Essay Example for Free

Street Gangs Essay Another risk factor involves domestic violence at home for these young people. If they aren’t getting enough attention and instead been getting enough beating from their families, these young people would rather be with guys from the gang rather than stay at home. More and more of these youths are being driven away from their families and towards the company of strangers because of the violence that they experience from their own families (Parco, 2008). If they are unable to feel safe at home, then surely they would feel safer anywhere else. Another risk factor would be the media that glorifies violence. Everywhere you turn, you see advertisements and movies about people killing other people, or people stealing from other people and getting away with it. If these are the things that the youth are being exposed to, then there is the likelihood of them wanting to be just like these hoodlums, these crooks who earn big money from doing bad things (Killian, 2007). With the existence of these factors, concerned individuals, especially the parents should be able to see the signs of their children possibly joining these gangs. But another risk factor arises when the parents are in denial of the gang problem. If they don’t give much attention and focus to it, then their children may likely be the next gang members. If these parents neglect the signs, they would often overlook anything that may be odd or weird with their children’s actions. Its better to be mindful of these hints, or else these children may all end up in gangs and be involved in gang related troubles. Another risk factor would involve the community. This is about the lack of adequate community youth support systems, which is essential in addressing the needs of the youth so that they won’t go towards the way of the gangs. Without adequate community support, more and more young people would opt to join gangs as they have no other means of recreation in their spare time. With much unsupervised time, the more these youth would be involved in petty crimes that could be blown to unmanageable proportions. It is best that these risk factors be properly interpreted and addressed if we wouldn’t want our children to join these street gangs. This is because there is always danger associated with being a member of these gangs. No matter what benefit a member gets from joining, there is always a corresponding danger with his association to these people. Gangs often have access to firearms and illicit drugs, thus exposing the young ones to the dangers of both elements. Fights between rival gangs are not limited to fistfights, but instead they can get seriously hurt or killed because of the guns that some of them posses (ClevelandClinic. org, 2008). Gangs view schools as a negative element, so they may influence their members not to go to school, thus hampering education for them. With police records filing up for the members of the gang, the more their future become blurred. These police records limit future employment opportunities for these people, leaving them with minimum wage earning jobs that they can work into. Gang wars and fights between members of gangs also put their families and friends in danger, as they often become an easy target for their enemies. There are several signs that parents and concerned people can look into in order to know whether one is a member of a gang or not. This includes a sudden decline in the academic performance of the child, as well as an increasing disinterest in school. Another sign is the withdrawal of the person from their usual family activities. They can also be heard using unknown vocabulary and peculiar clothing style or choice. They could also have a sudden change in friends and usual company. Weird hand signs are also evident, as well as having a new nickname. These people also tend to develop bad attitude towards other people especially to the family and authorities. Aside from staying out later than usual, they also tend to require more privacy for themselves even in their homes with their families (Boone, 2007). The information regarding gangs can be put to good use by deciding what approach would be more applicable to a person who may be associated to a certain gang. This could also be used to plan an intervention measure in order to save someone from the harshness of the gang world. References: Boone, D. (2007). Why Do Kids Join Street Gangs. Retrieved September 9, 2008, from http://www. gwcinc. com/Why%20Do%20Kids%20Join%20Street%20Gangs. html ClevelandClinic. org. (2008). Gangs and Violence Retrieved September 9, 2008, from http://my. clevelandclinic.org/healthy_living/violence/hic_Gangs_and_Violence. aspx FocusAS. com. (2007). Why Do Young People Join Gangs? Retrieved September 9, 2008, from http://www. focusas. com/Gangs. html Killian, J. (2007). Why do kids join gangs? Retrieved September 9, 2008, from http://www. news-record. com/content/2007/08/26/article/why_do_kids_join_gangs Parco, B. (2008). Lack of affection, attention, fun push youth to join gangs Retrieved September 9, 2008, from http://globalnation. inquirer. net/cebudailynews/news/view/20080316-125016/Lack-of-affection-attention-fun-push-youth-to-join-gangs

Rene Descartes Second Meditation Evaluation

Rene Descartes Second Meditation Evaluation My Paper is on Rene Descartes Second Meditation. I chose to analyze and critique the concepts and ideas that were presented in Rene Descartes second meditation because it is in the second meditation were Rene Descartes famous adage was produced Cogito, Ergo Sum or I Think Therefore I am and also I find his second meditation the most controversial and most interesting of all his meditations. The second meditation is the most controversial of Rene Descartes meditations because it is here that his first rule of methodic doubt process is clearly introduced which is Accept nothing as true unless you can be sure that it is certain and it is also here that his idea becomes Radicalized because it suggest that one must critique all types of knowledge, that one has to doubt everything including himself and this is what the second meditation is all about because the second meditation is about ones existence. Descartes says that one must never accept anything or any knowledge unless one is certain of this knowledge and for Descartes being certain of knowledge means that there must be no place for doubt, it must be self verifying and it must be indubitable or in other words unquestionable and not open to doubt. The second meditation starts with Descartes doubting existence itself because of the radicalism of his philosophy that assumes everything is false, so in the second meditations Descartes doubts even existence, he says that even our very own existence needs to be doubted so as to arrive at the truth in the end of course of the second meditation Descartes does prove that without a shadow of a doubt that one does exist because one thinks hence the famous saying I think therefore I am. When one reads the second meditation Descartes does sound like someone who is a bit crazy and perhaps someone who had too much time in his hands because to doubt even existence is for me at first just down right absurd and many of us would have the same feeling on this matter maybe because of how we were brought up but it is exactly this kind of thinking that Descartes was trying to destroy he wants everybody to think for themselves and not just accept opinions as truths because if we just accept the texts of the ancient and the opinions of everybody as truths then how can we arrive at certain knowledge if those texts and opinions happen to be false he wants us to discover the truths for ourselves and perhaps he wanted people not to be lazy. When reading the second meditation the philosophy that is included there is definitely a radical one because he doubts existence and that what we perceive as truth may in fact be false, perception for Descartes is deceitful and our mind errs all the time so there is no way for us to be certain of things. We can be certain of our existence however but not this kind of existence were there is the body and the limbs but our existence as a thinking being since for Descartes the body and the things around is maybe just be an illusion created by an evil deceiver who does all he can to deceive us with all this false perception or we can just be dreaming that what we see and feel is all but a dream and therefore not real because how can we be sure that we are not just dreaming right at this very moment and that we are just dreaming everything and everyone around us this concept was a very intriguing concept what if we were just dreaming all this time, this was a concept that is so intriguing that even Hollywood adopted it in their film Inception which delves into dream and reality. The only certainty that we know we exist is that we know we are thinking and no great deceiver or dreams can doubt the fact that we think and therefore because we think we exist but for Descartes it is a thinking existence because it is the only thing that one can be certain of and that everything else we perceive may be false or just an illusion, one cannot trust our senses because are senses may just be an illusion or the senses may just be perceiving an illusion therefore not certain so for Descartes perception cannot arrive at the certitude of truth. Sensation as well is not a good determinant for certitude because one could again just be dreaming. Thinking for Descartes is very important since thinking for him determines ones existence. The act of thinking is the self guarantee of thinking. The act of thinking provides the ground for realizing that one exist. Human beings have a natural propensity to think therefore he or she can prove his or her existence. Thinking can never be false, because it is a process, thinking itself is beyond judgment, the thoughts that come from thinking are always real we only make mistakes in our judgment. Descartes explains in the second meditation using the honeycomb wax as an example of what kind of existence we can perceive and have since the wax changes its form but yet we know it is still the same wax Descartes thought that perhaps this is the true existence we are not just body and limbs but we are beyond that because we can still change and still be the same and this is how our minds works it has something innate that enables us to know it distinctively. The Second Meditation deals with reality and existence, like I mentioned before I thought that Descartes perhaps just too much time on his hands for thinking something so crazy as that everything around us is just an illusion and that we cannot trust out perception. I thought to myself that here is another philosopher saying something controversial just top be noticed but now that I was a little aware of a science called quantum physics and now I wonder if Descartes was actually someone who was way ahead of his time in thinking that everything is just an illusion and that what we perceive is actually false because quantum physics itself says that perhaps what we perceive as real, what our senses perceive as true my actually be false because it may just be an illusion created by our sense perception. With this in mind Rene Descartes is not crazy and his theory was not absurd this despite him being a member of the Rosicrucian group which believed in an invisible church that they built. Rene Descartes Philosophical theory on Existence and Reality was in fact a science which was way ahead of its time. His philosophy on doubting everything so as to arrive at certain knowledge can be seen as something radical and impractical and if we do take him literally then it is no doubt that this philosophy is indeed a radical form of Philosophy and an impractical one at that because one will just waste his time doubting and questioning everything one sees and this is just an impossible task. I think Rene Descartes is someone who was obsessed in knowing the truth and this led him to create this philosophy that before we can have certain knowledge we must first doubt. To have knowledge one must first doubt, this philosophy of Descartes becomes practical if we do not take to the extreme by really questioning everything, I think Descartes main point is that for man to use his reason rather than just accepting opinions, Descartes believes that reason is higher that any kind of opinio n, Descartes wants us to use our reason and there is nothing radical about using our reason. Sources: Rene Descartes Second Meditation

The Misadventures of a Few :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I remember this account of my life, because I was an especially terrible child during this time. It was a brisk, paltry fall in 1988. I was nine years old. A couple of friends, my two brothers, my sister and I were all heading north along a river in Chicago. We weren’t in a boat or anything; we were walking right along the banks. The banks were filled with trees, shrubs and tall grass, and on top of that, the bank was on a slope. It was a bit difficult to navigate ourselves, but we just had to do it. What were we up to? Well we had heard stories that in this particular area of the river, there were Satanic worshippers who sacrificed women to Lucifer, the Devil. As we go north, on this bank along this river, I will be anxious to reveal our exploits along this path, the â€Å"devil’s rock†, and our, almost, disastrous escape.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The morning started just as any other. I would wake to a bowl of cereal and then make a dashing escape out of the house to meet a friend. My friend’s and I all lived on the same block. Anything we had going on involved one of us. We were a very tight pack and never let anyone get in with the group without some sort of initiation. On this particular day, in the late September month, we had decided today that we were going to finally find out whether the stories were really true. The weather was perfect, not a cloud in sight. When all of us finally got together, we began our trip to the river.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Getting to the river was not a very long or hard task. We lived relatively close, to say the least; it was about five blocks from our houses. It was a little strange while we were traveling to the river, because as time went by, the clouds started coming in. By the time we made it to the river, it was no longer a beautiful, bright sunny day, it was now a cool, colorless day. How could the weather change in such a short amount of time? Good question! When you are young and walking with a bunch of friend’s, you tend to talk fast and walk very, very slow. I believe it must have taken us anywhere between twenty minutes to an hour to get to our destination.

Museum Of Fine Arts Boston Essay

A flaw inherent to many business models is that the business/organization relies on a generic analysis of their resources instead of taking into account their specific product/market combination. The MFA is a museum, a school, a publisher, a retailer, a restaurateur, a film-theater, and more. Each demands unique research and analysis. A fusion of information would enable the MFA to establish an ongoing and effective strategic plan. Identification and discussion of three types of resources the MFA possesses with reference to the advantages of those resources. Three core resources (collections, audience, and exhibitions) and three supporting resources (facilities, financial, and organization) make the achievement of their strategic plan possible. Collections established a continued need to improve the quality of the collection, its management and care and provide electronic access to the collection. Audience included the need to engage, educate, and delight visitors as well as retain and expand the audience by better understanding the needs of their highly segmented target market. Special exhibitions entailed the creation of an exhibition schedule that met a variety of goals including an intellectual contribution, the attraction of visitors and revenue generation. Special-exhibition attendance is unpredictable and requires research to make reliable revenue forecasts. The supporting resources: Facilities focused specifically on enlarging and improving the museum. Financial reiterated the need for fiscal stability and fund-raising that would support facility expansion as well as other identified strategic needs. The MFA needs to maintain a balanced budget. Due to the American system of funding arts the MFA relies almost exclusively on private funding and its revenues come from memberships, admissions, sales of merchandise, restaurant food sales, school tuition, contributions, gifts and grants, and investments. The external relations group competes with other New England institutions for donations as well as educational institutions (Harvard) and area hospitals. Organization focuses on the adoption of an audience-aware, results-oriented, experimental attitude and realignment of the divisions within the MFA in order to support the strategic focus. This includes the MFA’s relationships with its customers, employees, donors and outside organizations; branding (which is directly related to mission and must be clear, specific, and not to be interpreted as a routine promise). The MFA needs to differentiate their purpose [other than to educate] from that of other museums. Their brand needs to be credible, meaningful and dependent upon a realistic mission statement. One type of resource that the organization needs to improve A significant issue for the museum is how to increase the visitor-experience in the museum. Research has revealed some key deficiencies in the visitor’s experience in the museum. Unique brand awareness challenges face the MFA because they are a non-profit multi-dimensional art institution with a highly segmented target market. The museum put together a cross-functional team that focused on initiatives related to orientation, customer service, on-site communications, and team undertook numerous initiatives to enhance the overall visitor experience of the MFA. Conclusion: why attendance is an important resource on which the MFA should focus. The museum’s will undoubtedly get focus and attract renewed attention in 2010 when the new wing opens but a continued strategy to improve core attendance is an ongoing priority. Critical questions remain: How does the MFA ensure continued, satisfactory visitor attendance? Continued education of their market, delivery on their mission and quality visitor experience. References Rangan, V. K. , Bell, M. (2005). Case 16. Museum of Fine Arts Boston. (pp. 530-557). Boston: Harvard Business School Publishing. Chiagouris, L. (2005). Article 13. Nonprofits can take Cues from the Biz World. Branding Roadmap Takes Shape. In Marketing Management Magazine. (September/October 2005, pp. 52-54). New York: Pace University’s Lubin School of Business. Developing Competitive Advantage and Strategic Focus. In Chapter 5 Lecture Notes. (2008). Thomson Learning Inc.

Teenage Marriage

Teenage Marriage Teen marriage is typically defined as the union of two adolescents, joined in marriage from the age range of 14–19 years old. Until the late 20th century, teen marriage was very common and instrumental in securing a family, continuing a blood lineage and producing offspring for labor. [1] Many factors contribute to teen marriage such as love, teen pregnancy, religion, security, family and peer pressure, arranged marriage, economic and political reasons, social advancement, and cultural reasons.Studies have shown that teenage married couples are often less advantageous, may come from broken homes, may have little education and work low status jobs in comparison to those that marry after adolescence. [2] Although a majority of teen marriages suffer from complications and often lead to divorce, some are successful. For example, in India, where teenagers are sometimes forced to marry by arrangement, more than 90% of these marriages will not end in divorce. In the United States, half of teen marriages dissolve within 15 years of the marriage. 3] The rate of teen marriage, however, is decreasing due the many opportunities that are available now that previously were not available before. Presently, teen marriage is not widely accepted in much of the world. [4] Teen marriage is most prevalent in culturally or geographically isolated parts of the world and it is decreasing where education is the focus of the population Teen marriage is typically defined as the union of two adolescents, joined in marriage from the age range of 14–19 years old.Until the late 20th century, teen marriage was very common and instrumental in securing a family, continuing a blood lineage and producing offspring for labor. [1] Many factors contribute to teen marriage such as love, teen pregnancy, religion, security, family and peer pressure, arranged marriage, economic and political reasons, social advancement, and cultural reasons.Studies have shown that teenage married couples are often less advantageous, may come from broken homes, may have little education and work low status jobs in comparison to those that marry after adolescence. [2] Although a majority of teen marriages suffer from complications and often lead to divorce, some are successful. For example, in India, where teenagers are sometimes forced to marry by arrangement, more than 90% of these marriages will not end in divorce.In the United States, half of teen marriages dissolve within 15 years of the marriage. [3] The rate of teen marriage, however, is decreasing due the many opportunities that are available now that previously were not available before. Presently, teen marriage is not widely accepted in much of the world. [4] Teen marriage is most prevalent in culturally or geographically isolated parts of the world and it is decreasing where education is the focus of the population Related post: Social Studies SBA on Teenage Pregnancy

Toothpaste critique

What's in This Toothpaste? By David Botanist. The audience/reader Is informed about how toothpaste In made, the Ingredients which are used to make Just a bottle of tube and other alternatives that can be used if you opinion about toothpaste changes. The author talks about if toothpaste is something you should consider or keep using. There are a few examples of diction which are present in the essay, the first one would be, â€Å"It's there because people like to have a big gob of toothpaste to spread on the brush.This creates a mental picture/image in the readers mind because, this effect relates to Imagery while the reader Is reading that passage they can relate to It because they have seen It in first person. Another example of imagery is present as the author states, â€Å"The tube of toothpaste is squeezed, it's pinched metal seams are splayed. † This creates the same visual effect in the readers mind, when they are doing that and it is impossible to make the toothpaste t o come out, so this relates to the readers past experience.Another example where David Botanist shows imagery is, â€Å"This is the flavoring, and it has to be strong. Double rectified peppermint OLL Is used. † This creates an Imagery of smell which the reader often smells after brushing his/her teeth. In the essay syntax Is present, the first example is where and how the author places his paragraphs, the author in depth states his first topic and first ingredient and then backs up his argument, he then explains what the ingredient is used for and also gives a description.This show that the paragraphs are well placed and explained, this creates an effect of keeping the essay neat and well organized. Another example where the author shows sentence structure Is how the author keeps the paragraphs hurt, which tends to trick the reader that he Is reading less but really he Is reading the same but faster. This creates an effect of speeding up the tempo of the essay. Usually if the paragraphs are too long the reader tends to get bored or distracted.Another example is the author makes a statement, â€Å"Water mostly, 30 to 45 percent in most brands: ordinary, everyday simple tap water. † In the essay this is an incomplete sentence where the author makes a statement and carries on, this creates an effect of a pause so the reader can think about that basically people pay three dollars or more for water. A powerful rhetorical device which is used is juxtaposition, where the author compares two things, toothpaste and water, â€Å"studies show that brushing with just plain water will often do as a good Job. This give an alternative for the reader if their opinion on toothpaste changes. A second rhetorical device is hypoxia, where the author raises a question but ends up answering it himself to add effect, â€Å"Is that it? Chalk, water, paint, seaweed, antifreeze, paraffin 011, detergent, and peppermint? Prove his point, also it allows the author to write more, the effect of this is that this is play on word.The third rhetorical device which is present is colloquialism, word like â€Å"bobbing,† â€Å"gob,† â€Å"goodies,† and other slang words that the author uses to get his point across for everyone, interpreting the author you can tell that the author uses informal words to connect with the younger audience. The tone that the author sets is for a younger audience, the author uses in formal word, to target teenagers, another target is the people who don't know much about toothpaste. The title of the essay grabs the attention of the reader and forces them to read. Toothpaste is meeting people use daily but they have no clue what it is made up of.The mood which is created is the audience feeling disgusted because toothpaste manufactures use; pesticide, detergent and chalk: the kind that teachers use to write on the black board, and that is the same toothpaste we put in our mouth. Another mood is the audience is i nformed about how bad toothpaste could be if swallowed. Overall the writing choices made by the author were remarkable, really loved the message the author way trying to get across. In the end David Botanist serves his purpose of writing the essay of educating people about toothpaste.

Race and Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Race and Politics - Essay Example This is so for the whites who have some degree of guilt in them. The article demonstrates despair with regard to the practical realization of the issue being addressed. It is thus quite unfair due the fact that the white people and what is good for them is not given any concerns. This is major a fault in the article as it is solely based on the issues with the Negro people only. Integration as well as the possibility of there being massive immigration in the future is not demonstrated something that could turn to be a problem in the society. The author presents a good case about the interracial relationships. However they have not clearly stated the position in which they stand apart from the fact that they are depicting this interracial relationships in a negative way; this is in all aspects. There is no positivity in the author rather his view about this is that of a pessimistic kind of a person. It is like there is no good that can come out when two people from two different ethnic backgrounds enter into a relationship together. It is very unfortunate that even the legal justice system is crooked meaning that it does not protect people from such injustice as discrimination if they are from different ethnic backgrounds which is in terms of race and color. The author only presents the negative side or rather views of the interracial relationships therefore depicting that he is one sided on this matter. This however unexpected as he is required to develop part of what is positive about these interracial relationships. It is rather sad that the author does not provide any ways into which a solution can be reached at about the view that people have concerning interracial relationships. Social stigma is known to be the cause of very many upheavals in the society and interracial relationships are not in any way an exception. The author thus with reference to this fails to advocate for fair treatment of those who are from different racial

History and Environment in the Mimbres Valley Article

History and Environment in the Mimbres Valley - Article Example The valley thus experienced a variation in the population over the years, and this affected its overall ecology. The research focuses on how the people survived in this valley; how its ecology changed, and how this differs from the present. The area features a short river, predominantly pinon, juniper and oak trees, orchards and alfalfa, and a floodplain, which continues to be farmed by gravity-fed small irrigation canals. The riverine environment contrasts significantly from surrounding areas, which also has more drought-resistant vegetation. Although it appears the land is fairly preserved, the significant recent degradation as the third cycle of human interference is resulting in more permanent consequences for plant and animal life. The original Mimbres people transformed from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to farming supplemented their diet with wild plants and animals and were self-sufficient. Culturally, they resembled the Hopi and other pueblos. As their population increased, they cut down more trees, engaged in more intensive farming, used more weedy plants, and overexploited select larger animal species. This also denuded the valley bottom from plant life. Some of the check dams constructed in marginal areas to retain rainwater still remain. The first cycle of degradation then occurred between A.D. 1000 to 1130 despite evidence of some measures of environmental conservation. However, as noted by Lt. Emory in 1846, the environmental balance was later restored. This is attributable to the population decline by the 1400s and the preservation of the river. The next cycle of degradation was caused by the opening of a shelter during the later 1800s, in particular from the wood gathered to fuel it resulting in large-scale deforestation aided by steel tools, wagons, and horses. However, this situation reversed after the smelter was closed.  

European Research Center for Information Systems (ERICS) and its Compe Essay - 1

European Research Center for Information Systems (ERICS) and its Competitors - Essay Example In the current systems of globalization where information spread fast, the choice of institution one can join is determined by a number of factors. How an institution structures the systems determines its competitive edge in a highly dynamic market. In this case, ERICS faces competition from such institutions such as PSB Academy in Singapore. PSB is an internationally accredited institution, operating out of two campuses, the Henderson and Delta, Singapore. It was established in 1964 and has seen its name grow taking 30, 000 students annually in Degree, post-graduate and corporate levels programs. For educational programs, this is conducted through its School of Engineering, Business, Information Technology and Physical Sciences. In addition, the institution owns Center for Foundation Studies and Center for English Languages Studies that offer varying programs to cater to the needs and interests of the students. Just as like ERICS, PSB Academy centers in Information Technology with Business, Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics. The infrastructure and lecturers with a vast wealth of experience have kept the institution in high regards. The graduates from the institution have recorded a high absorption rate in the market than any other institution of higher learning in Singapore. The institution is a worthy competitor to the ERICS. PSB Academy has hugely marketed itself through the world of mouth from the high intake of the graduate in the job market. The employers are well versant with the institution from the student who joins the market. The graduate is trained and skills and offer a strong marketing solution for the campus. For instance, in 2014, the institution recorded 95 % employment rate. 85 % of the graduates gained employment within the first 6 months and 3.1 on average manage to find a job (PSB, 2014). These statistics speaks volume of the quality of  education in PSB Academy.  

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Art - Essay Example Terre Haute, Indiana is a goldmine for such historical architectural creations. In these regards, the city contains such seminal buildings as the Condit House, the Terminal Arcade, and the Paul Dresser birthplace. Still, perhaps the most historic of Terre Haute buildings is the State Bank of Indiana. This essay examines this building’s Greek Revival architectural style through an examination of its historical, architectural, and aesthetic elements. Analysis While the Terre Haute branch of the State Bank of Indiana officially ended operation in 1859, the bank has remained a prominent piece of local architecture. The branch itself was first formed in 1834. Fig. 1 contains a current image of the bank. As the image depicts, the bank is Fig. 1 State Bank of Indiana currently occupied by Kesler & Kesler law offices. The bank implements Greek revival architecture. One considers that this form of architecture was also prominently implemented in the construction of Federal banking stru ctures at the time. This architectural style was not only reminiscent of the Terre Haute bank, but also thematic among much 19th century American and European architecture. The Greek Revival movement was a significant movement in both the United States and Europe. In large part this movement emerged in the late 18th and early 19th centuries following a rediscovery of many of the architectural and cultural elements that pervaded ancient Greek society. Prior to this period relatively little was known about this Greek culture, outside of what was known from literary sources. In the mid-1750s, however, serious archeological expeditions began into ancient Greece. Perhaps the most prominent of these expeditions were those conducted by James Stuart. Following many of Stuart’s discoveries European elite society assumed a new interest in Greek culture. It was not long before many architectural projects were undertaken, all of them working to emulate the Greek style. Within European so ciety the construction of these building was interpreted as a cultural shift towards a new level of sobriety and restraint and eventually as a means of asserting a new level of nationalism. It was not long before such design principles moved from European society to the United States. In this way Thomas Jefferson was one of the most seminal figures, as he is noted for owning a copy of the book Antiquities of Athens. While Jefferson himself was not an architect he perhaps made the greatest contribution to popularizing the style within the United States, as he hired Benjamin Henry Latrobe as the official surveyor for the country. Latrobe would go on to design a number of buildings in the Greek Revival school of architecture. Among the most prominent of these constructions are the Bank of Pennsylvania and the Supreme Court interior. Towards the 1830s a second Greek Revival movement emerged in the United States. During this period the Latrobe designed the Second Bank of the United State s. There is the recognition then that this bank not only held a conceptual linkage to the Terre Haute building, but also a structural similarity. While a branch of the State Bank of Indiana is located in Terre Haute, Indiana, there were additionally a number of state banks created during the same time. In

Literature review Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Literature review - Dissertation Example Youth gangs is not a new phenomenon in the society as it dates back in 17th century where they were characterized with wearing of distinct colors for their identification and arose mainly from social and economic vacuum in their neighborhoods and their contemporary societies (Wiener 2005). The distinguished emerging larger gangs do have a powerful and resourceful organization, access to powerful and dangerous weapons, and resourceful media which they use to recruit young children into these gangs (Jankowski 2003). Based on this, it can be argued that youth gangs are considered a threat to the peaceful coexistence in the society at large. The origin of youth gangs is greatly attributed to the economically and socially disadvantaged background (Howell 2005). These youth gangs in most societies and neighborhoods are perceived by its members to fill several needs that range from psychological and physical needs to economic and social needs (Howell 2005). Based on these researches, it is notable that these underlying needs are associated with the failure of the family to fill the arising gaps from this. Gangs notable intents is focused on provision of friendship, sense of identity, searching for wealth and finally for the purpose of security (Hastings, Dunbar, & Bania 2011). Nature and organization of youth gangs Youth join gangs mainly due to increasing trusting relationship within the gang family (Brantingham 2006). This is attributed to negligence as well as incompetence on the parents, clergy and teachers in performing their traditional roles of counseling and guiding the youth in the society. In the examination of youth gangs in general, it is notable that gang members have developed trusting solid relationships with their mentors who is considered the gang leader (Brantingham 2006). This relationship of the mentor and the mentee comes along with patience and the willingness and commitment of the mentor in pursuing of a strong relationship (Campbell 2011). It c an be argued that the concept of being real comes in place which is a key attribute of any youth gang leader (Wanberg 2004). This involves the gang leader relating genuine concerns on behalf of the gang members. Therefore the mentor needs not to condemn the mentee for their actions or their immorality but the real attribute ensures that the gang leader listens, understands and help the group members (Campbell 2011). In regard to communication approach, the youth gang leader ensures that it is effective and this can be perceived that this consolidates the youth gang productive relationship and trust (Wanberg 2004). Based on this study, it can be ascribed that it is effective youth gangs have intensive and extensive knowledge and understanding in regard to the gang social norms and rules (Campbell 2011). Categories of Youth Gangs There are three main categories of youth gangs. The first category of youth gangs are corporate gangs in which its main focus is making money and thus consid ered profit making (Sanchez-Jankowski 2003). These categories are considered to be organized attributed by its clearly defined division of labor, high level of gang coordination and a well-entrenched hierarchy. This gang leadership structure has limited its exposure to the criminal and law enforcers thus members of the gang tend not to easily quit the gang (Sanchez-Jankowski 2003). Based on this study, it is evident that this kind of the gang is highly mobile and

Context whose reality Essay Example for Free

Context whose reality Essay The reality that we create is unique to our own experiences. What is real? What is reality? The notion of reality is inextricably linked to the subjectivity of individual human existence. Reality is defined as the state of being real; what we can perceive through our senses. In essence, reality is viewed differently by each individual, through the intensity of his/her past experiences, values, emotions and perspective. Consider this, three blind men all touch a different part of the elephant but are unable to recognize that it is indeed an elephant. Based on their own subjective impressions, thoughts and feelings, each arrive at different conclusions. The man who touched the trunk, said it was a snake; the man who touched its belly, said it was a wall. And the man who felt the elephant’s tusk, and said it was a spear and another felt its ear and said it was like a hand fan. All of the men were in heated disagreement. The story of the elephant and the blind man is a popular proverb in Buddhist mythology. The blind men all made inferences about the object based on their assumptions, their biases and prior experiences. The blind men were dependent upon different spheres of perception. Our perception is determined and skewed by environmental variables that refract events according to what kind of person we are and the events that have led us to believe what is real. The three blind men in this anecdote held pieces of the truth, determined by their lack of experience which had caused them failure to perceive the whole picture. The process of perception shows that many individuals can be mistaken. The simple fact is that the way people process â€Å"reality† is subject to interpretation. It depends upon the individual’s mindset and past experiences at point in time. POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG)

An Analysis Of Liszt Sonata

An Analysis Of Liszt Sonata This essay starts from the background of Piano Sonata in B minor. It then focuses on the importance of this work in romantic period. I will analyze the structure of this sonata, compare few scholars analysis and discuss how the technique of thematic use in the piece. Liszt appreciated Beethovens music. He looked upon Beethovens piano sonatas as models. He was influenced by Beethoven a lot. The sonatas development from baroque, classical to romantic period, approached the peak in the beginning of nineteenth century. Liszts Sonata in B minor leads a really important role. There are lots of arguments for this piece in the sonata literatures. The content and musical structure both are the topics of which are considered to continue the heritage of music in the past and usher in the future. Liszt had composed three solo piano sonata in 1825, however these pieces were unpublished and now are lost. The only piano sonata now exist is Sonata in B minor. Liszt had the conception of this piece from 1851, until 1853 he completed this sonata. The sonata first publicly performed by Liszts pupil, Hans von Bà ¼low on January 27, 1857 in Berlin. It has been first published in the spring of 1854 with a dedication to Schumann. Liszt said in a letter that this was his meaning of expressing appreciation for Schumann s having dedicated to him the Fantasy op.17 in C (1838). As a musician anxious to avoid formulaic composition, Liszt surely would have been delighted at the amount of scholarly bickering engendered by the Sonata in B minor. We discover from Winklhofer, for instance, that for more than a century after its composition, the formal architecture of Liszts sonata has eluded convincing explanation- until her own, of course m and so much for Newman, Longyear and the rest. Presumably until then all convincing performances of the Sonata, and the copies by Reubke and Liapunov, were achieved by serendipity. Hamilton, K. (1996) Liszt Sonata in B Minor P.28 Some of the analytical arguments over the form of the Sonata are largely discussed. The analysis of W. S. Newman has been most influential, He proposed a new idea double-function form, which means a structure that can be considered both as one continuous movement and simultaneously as a composite of the movements of a multi-movement work. In other words, the Sonata, though in one movement, presents elements of a first movement- slow movement- scherzo- finale structure. Newman was the first to illustrate this double-function view. Since in both views a multi movement structural mold predominated over that of a sonata form in one movement, the problem of large scale structure became a clouded issue. Whatever their differences, Newman, Longyear and Winklhofer are at least agreed with one point: that the sonata is not a programmatic work, and that as a result analysis of it can only proceed on purely musical terms. Liszt himself never dropped the slightest hint that the Sonata had a prog ramme, but this is no problem, as several writers have been kind enough to supply one for him. The Structure of the Sonata in B minor According to William Newman: Double-function analysis (Four movements in one) First movement of a sonata exposition bar 1-330 development bar 331-525 recapitulation bar 525-681 coda bar 682-760 Four movements sonata First movement bar 1-330 slow movement bar 331-459 scherzo bar 460-524 finale bar 525-681 coda bar 682-760 Allegro Andante Fugato Allegro Coda Incomplete Sonatina ABA Scherzando fugue Finale: Incomplete Sonatina Coda Exposition Development Recapitulation Coda The Structure of the Sonata in B minor According to Rey Longyear: Double-function analysis (Three movements in one) First movement of a sonata introduction bar 1-7 exposition bar 8- 178 development bar 179-459 recapitulation bar 460-649 coda bar 650-760 Three movements sonata First movement bar 1-330 Slow movement bar 331-459 finale bar 460-760 Allegro Andante Fugato Coda First movement Slow movement AB Finale: Scherzando Coda Exposition Development Recapitulation The Structure of the Sonata in B minor According to Winklhofer: One-movement sonata form analysis First movement of a sonata exposition bar 1 -204 development bar 205-452 recapitulation bar 453-649 coda bar 650-760 Newman seems to sense that the double-function theory weakens under scrutiny. He warns twice of the danger of making Procrustean beds out of such classifications. The consequences of applying a rigid formal scheme upon a piece never born upon such terrain are dismissed as compromises which Liszt saw as necessary to retain the double-function dynamic. Nevertheless, this analysis is the most influential to appear thus far. Rey Longyear also describes the work as a series of distinct movements, which combine for a large sonata form. He finds three movements (First Movement, Slow Movement and Finale) in place of Newmans four, but provides no justification for these designations. Winklhofer, S. (1978)Liszts Sonata in B Minor. P.120 In my opinion, I analyze this sonata B minor in three movements (First Movement, Slow Movement and Coda) and combine a large sonata form. I will discuss why and analyze the structure in my essay. First mvt. Second mvt. Third mvt. coda section Exposition Development Recapitulation Coda location mm.1-330 mm.331-459 mm.460-710 mm711-760 tempo Lento/Allegro Andante Allegro-Prestissimo Andante key Unstable (G minor- B minor)B minor- D major F sharp major- A major- F sharp major B flat minor- B minor- B major B major motive (theme) A A1 mm.1 D mm.331 A2- A3 mm.460 D mm.711 C mm.349 C mm.718 A2 mm.8 B mm.363 A2- A3 mm.533 A2- A3- A1 mm.729 A3 mm.14 D mm.393 B mm.105 C mm.433 B mm.600 C mm.153 A1 mm.453 Section one Exposition We can see section one as an exposition of the sonata form. From beginning to mm.17 is theme A, Liszt uses the variety of theme A in the whole piece. A1, A2, A3 motive lead the development of whole piece. William Stein Newman thought motive A is the important link which starts and ends every different section in the whole piece. More noticeable here than the attractive character of these ideas is the effect on harmonic. The Sonata in B minor does not start in B minor, nor is any other key stably established. The first seven bars (mm.1-7) is a tonal centre of G as a beginning. The focus on G in motive A1 then serves as a point of common contact to the start of A2. In theme A, there are lots A sharp which is leading tone of B minor, can not resolve to B minor because of vague tone(Example 1 mm.1-17). Motive A1 begins with lento assai and sotto voce, consists of descending scales suggesting either G minor or C minor, with continuously alterations. The second motive A2 is characterized by its contour, which outlines a diminished seventh, and by its robust, dotted rhythms. This motive A2 also begins on G, but implies B minor, ending on A sharp. We may expect the tonic followed by this leading tone. Instantly the third motive (A3) is presented, a striking upbeat contour, starting on B minor but leaving with a dimi nished seventh on the leading tone to G at m.17. (see Example 1) Example 1 mm.1-17 à ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ .PNG Liszt expresses his thematic presentation with fermatas on the rests at m.17 in the end. What follows is a brief section of transition. Those sequences all start on diminished seventh. This harmonic is really unstable, proceeds in chromatically ascending sequences, and presents a variation of motive A2 at m.25. Although the E flat major chord in mm.24-25 marks the peak of the chromatic rise which began in m.18, it is the result of a illusive cadential move. The dominant seventh on B at bar 24 which prepares E minor rather than E flat major. Liszt avoids affirmation of a key here again. (see example 2) Example 2 m.18-31à ¦Ã…“ ªÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ 2.PNG He want a breathtaking arrival on F sharp in m.30, that why he chose the A2 motive for mm.25-29, and why the resolution is postponed , is explained by the first full cadence of this Sonata, finally appeared at bar 30-31. At m.31, Liszt delays the G as an appoggiatura to F sharp, the dominant of B. The entire element from mm.1-32 is an expended harmonic move from G at the beginning, to a implication of B minor (m.13), and the F sharp in m.30, and finally to B minor (m.32). The result is an dramatic cadential progression VI-i-V-I. mm:1-7 9-13 14-16 18-22 22-24 25-30 30-31 32 b: vi à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬i V/ivà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢IV V7 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ i Liszt uses only two motivic elements, derived from A2 and A3. Regular two bar phrases predominate. The harmonic rhythm has become slow and even, despite the speed of execution in performance, and the marking sempre forte ed agitato. Finally, he uses the subdominant to confirm B minor (Example 3. mm.32-44). Example 3. mm.32-44 Beginning with bar 45, following the tonal presentation of B minor, we can see four sections of transitional material. The first section (bar 45-54) contains of A2 fragments appearing in sequence; second (bar 55-66) and third (bar67-81) sections use motive A2 in the famous passage of octaves, and the fourth (bar 81-104) changes back to A1. At bar 105 first appear new theme B, and the key changes to D major.(Example 4) Theme B comes from Crux fidelis of plain chant. Here it is enough to draw attention to the imaginative phrase structure of this melody-two two- bar units then one five-bar phrase. The harmonic stability of the Grandioso theme in the Sonata is conspicuous by comparison with that of the exposition explored thus far. B minor had been weakened because of its delayed presentation and the use of subdominant rather than dominant confirmation. Although bar 105-119 is prepared for by strong cadential motion, which creates the expectation of an impending tonal plateau firmly seated in the secondary key, this is not in fact what occurs. The stability of D major is only momentary. Example 4: The motive of A2 moves into F major; and then D minor at bar 133-134. The section is static rather than dynamic in the sense of polarized tonal moves; Liszt moves to colorful harmonic areas related to D major. There is an extend of A2 at the section of dolce con grazia at bar 125, the value of note is expanded at right hand. At bar 141-152 , A3 reappears and serves two purposes: First is to provide closure to the tonal deflection, second is to allow a transitional phrase introducing the last structural division of the exposition. The section (bar 153-204) offers a masterful transformation, theme C. Theme C appears at bar 153, this theme C has triggered a heated debate. Lots of scholars thought theme C is variation of A3, so it is not a new theme. However, the atmosphere is totally different, so it can be independent. The aggressive character of the original has become lyrical by means of rhythmic augmentation, a triplet accompaniment, and a new harmonization. At bar 171, the triplet transformed to upper voice, the motive A2 appeared indistinctly on lower voice at bar 179. Liszt reinforced motive A2 by octave chords at bar 205 and 221. Motive A3 appeared from bar 255, the tempo become agitated, from scale to octave parallel. After bar 277, motive A1 developed from bar 275-286, and followed by motive A2. The key modulated dramatically to C sharp minor at bar 297 and theme B appeared. Bar 275-281 Bar 294-302 The end of exposition mainly based on motive A3, some motive A2 modulated to E minor which integrate with A3. The lower voice continued repeating motive A3, and motive A2, the value of note is expanded at the upper voice. Section 2 Development The Andante starts roughly with a new Theme D at bar 331(example 5). A chorale which unfolds in tonal ambiguity as a parallel to the opening of the sonata at bar 1-7. Once again the structural seam is blurred, here by introducing the first chord of the Andante three bars early, then sustaining it until the changes of key, meter and tempo are accomplished silently at bar 331. Tempo is from Andante sostenuto to Quasi Adagio at bar 347, the key modulates to A major and theme C appears at bar 349. Theme B appears at bar 363 as F sharp major and modulates to g minor reappears again at bar 376. This is the only time theme B shows as minor (example 6). After the contrast between upper and lower voice, theme D which only showed twice in development now reaches a climax in development section (example 7). There are lots of diminished seventh and semitone after the climax. The Andante maintains the basic sonata characteristics. A secondary key area in the lowered mediant is presented after the opening tonic statement in F sharp; following two modulatory sections, both the chorale and the secondary material return for reinterpretation in F sharp. Like the first presentation of the chorale, the recapitulation at mm.393ff. likewise makes a gradual approach to the tonic. F sharp is confirmed throughout the remainder of the slow movement, particularly in an attenuated dominant progression at mm. 415-33. Winklhofer, S. (1978)Liszts Sonata in B Minor. P.158 From bar 454, motive A1 becomes a bridge which connects development and recapitulation and at bar 460 Liszt used the term G flat instead of F sharp (enharmonic equivalent) for the changes of the key, which is from F sharp major to B flat minor (example 8). Example 5: Example 6: Example 7: Example 8: Section 3 Recapitulation In the Classical Style, Charles Rosen discusses one fixed rule of sonata recapitulation: material originally exposed in the dominant or dominant substitute must be represented in the tonic fairly completely, even if rewritten and reorderedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This is , of course, not a rule at all but a sensitivity to tonal relationships. Liszt conforms to this requirement. After the reinterpretation of secondary key area in the exposition in B major as a muted point of arrival, he omits the tonal deflection and its transitional tail, the bar 153-178 from the exposition are then restated in the tonic (mm.616-614); after m.644, motive A2 modulates, as did the original passage in the exposition. Winklhofer, S. (1978)Liszts Sonata in B Minor. P.154 Why did I choose the fugue section (from bar 460) as a beginning of recapitulation? The structure in section 3 is similar to section 1, and the motives are symmetrical. This is why I choose the fugue section as a beginning of recapitulation. The reason why there is no motive A1 in the beginning, it is because motive A1 have already appeared at the end of development (bar 453-459, example 8), so the recapitulation starts with motive A2 and A3 (example 9). example 9: The fugues counterpoint gradually transforms itself in masterly fashion into a more homophonic texture, a process initiated by the combination of A2, articulated in chords, with A3 (bar502-508). A middle voice, also sounding A3, produces a stretto between the two lower parts. Motive A2 chords take on a more agitated dotted rhythm while the left hand forsakes A3 to take up A2- but in inversion at bar 509. At bar 554 the chromatic flux that introduced the B flat major to G minor to E flat major sequences of motive A2 takes a new turn. Liszt landed on a chord of E flat again, but without the sequence. The chord of E fat accompanies theme A1 (bars 555-560) to develop, however, serves to affirm the tonic of B rather than move away from it. The E flat chord maintains its first inversion bass of G, but upper voices move on to B and E nature, and theme A1 is repeated again. The G bass turns to F sharp, the dominant of B, and motive A2 and A1 alternate in different registers of piano. The var iant of shapes taken by these two motives can stop the inevitable pull to B, its dominant pedal attached in the bass. At bar 673 we hear them A2 in the same position again, but marked Presto with its initial G immediately contradicted by G sharp, simultaneously the beginning of the coda and a reworking of the false recapitulation, now transformed in the original key. Motive A1 increases in momentum to open the doors for a Prestissimo variation of motive A2 and arrive in B major with fff. After setting the entire keyboard ringing with the dominant seventh of B, suddenly breaks off. A silence introduces a recall of the Andante sostenuto in the tonic, its final cadence strangely interrupted (bar 728-729). The bass note has landed on B, nut the upper parts presents the diminished seventh chord of motive A2, the harmony that prepared the way for the Andantes first appearance (bar 328-330). The Andante recall seems to be going into reverse as the bass intones the sinister chatter of motiv e A3 on B. A weak cadence on a chord of B major is darkened twice by a reminder of the dissonant G with which the Sonata began. The final chord progression at bar 754-760 is probably the most remarkable of its type in the piano literature of the entire nineteenth century. A minor and F major are bravely posed for a coloristic approach to B major by thirds. The six four inversion of B major offers an accurate arrangement, the sonority is like bell-ringing, and the rhythm is disoriented. This unstable chord fulfills the function of closure normally supplied by a triad in root position. The root of this B major chord is then repeated in the bass as an unexpected point, just like a punctuation of full stop at the end (example 10). Example 10 In summarizing the relationship between content and form in the Sonata, the evidence of Liszts conscious control is overwhelming. The Sonata exhibits the same sensitive balancing of tonal and thematic elements for which Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven are recognized. The underlying differences issue from the change in the basic chord grammar. Weakening the tonic areas in a sonata form was only one structural manifestation of contemporary attitudes toward form, The expressivity of the sonata procedure had taken on a new dimension. Winklhofer, S. (1978)Liszts Sonata in B Minor. P.164 How do the great pianists think about the structure? The great pianist , Alfred Brendel and Claudio Arrau, they think this sonata is one movement structure. From Alfred Brendels Book Music Sounded Out Alfred Brendel thought this piece as one movement structure including five sections. Claudio Arrau thought this sonata contains six sections. In Joseph Horowitzs Book Conversations with Arrau Arrau said that the mastery of construction sets this sonata apart. In its time such free form in a sonata was completely unknown. How does analysis affect performance? What effect should musics structure have on the way in which music is performed? In particular, how should the results of analysis be conveyed to the listener? One familiar response- at least, the one I have heard most often- asserts that analysis is useful because, knowing what a piece of music contains in terms of structure, the performer can proceed to bring it out. -Rink,J. (1995)The Practice of Performance In Alfred Brendels books: Schunabel always encouraged students to find out as much as possible about the structure, harmonies, motivic technique, used in each score. But there is no basis for interpretation in most of thisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.To begin the study of a new work by analyzing its form, in school-term paper fashion, is more harmful than helpfulà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦True analysis is but a clarification and intensification of musical sensitivity, an additional push in the right direction as established by musical instinct. Like Schnabel, I feel that few analytic insights have a direct bearing on performance, and that analysis should be the outcome of an intimate familiarity with the piece rather than an input of established concepts. A more convincing explanation for the genesis of the Sonata appears in an examination of Liszts corpus of one-movement instrumental works from the early fifties. As he discovered unusual formal procedures in the symphonic poems, for example, it seems more likely that he decided to experiment similarly in piano compositions. This hints that solutions to specific structural problems flooded into ideas for the content and architecture of the Sonata. The inspirational source was therefore an internal one, within Liszts own imagination, and related to his current orchestral projects. Liszts perceptive of the classical style, and his acknowledge recognition of a linking Beethovens treatment of form in the late works, and his own in the fifties, is worth examining. His intellectual approach to formal theory suggests an undiscovered avenue for understanding the basic technique of the Sonata. Liszt implemented structural principles adapted from the classical style should prove that the B minor Sonata was bound to tradition more securely than is commonly considered, and that his accomplishment of balance between traditional form and inspirational consent was in fact approached at skillfully.